The species has been recorded from scattered localities close to the Arabian Gulf coast, in addition to some further inland such as Al Ain (Jongbloed et al. 2003). Western (1983, 1994) recorded the species from Dubai - Abu Dhabi. Western (1983) classified the species as a weed that has colonised large areas. The origin of the species in the UAE perhaps requires confirmation. ILDIS (2019) excludes the Arabian Peninsula from the native range of the species Globally, this species is known from Greece to India, the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia and Russia, and through northern Africa (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019). It has been widely introduced.

In the UAE, this species is known from the northern Marmoum (G.M. Brown pers. obs., G.R. Feulner pers. comm. 2018). Globally, the native range of this species spans across dry areas of Africa to Pakistan (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

Within the UAE, this species has been recorded from Wadi Wurayah in addition to the Hajar Mountains (Jongbloed et al. 2003, Feulner 2011), where it is known from a small number of sites such as Wadi Hayl. It is thought that it may also occur in the Ru'us al-Jibal (Feulner 2011). This species seems to be found more often at low-medium elevations (Feulner 2011). Globally, the native range for this species spans across Macaronesia, Africa and on to India (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

In the UAE, the species is found in coastal areas close to the western border, from Sila to Jebel Dhanna, to at least between Abu Dhabi and Dubai (Western 1983). Karim and Dakheel (2006) considered it common ""...all over the UAE: abundant along the Arabian Gulf coast, throughout western dunes and saline plains, and across the central desert"". However, according to participants of the National UAE Red List Workshop 15^th-19^th September 2019, Dubai), this plant may not be a coastal species after all. This highlights further confusion over the correct distribution of Tetraena hamiensis within the UAE. <u></u>In accordance with the outcomes of the UAE National Red List Workshop (15^th-19^th September 2019, Dubai), here, we consider Tetraena mandavillei to be a synonym of Tetraena hamiensis, and it is therefore included under this species assessment. The global range of this species spans from the north-east of Africa, through the Arabian Peninsula and on to Iran (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

This species is widespread in the Hajar Mountains and their foothills (MEW 2010). Feulner (2014) found the species along the ridges and subsidiary ridges and the upper ravines and summit cliffs in the 'Olive Highlands' of the southern Hajar Mountain in the UAE. In the Ru'us al-Jibal, Feulner (2011) found the species at lower altitudes, although distribution in the UAE parts of the Ru'us al-Jibal, uncertain. The species has been reported from Wadi Wurayah National Park (Feulner 2014). R.A Western collected the species (as S. flavus subsp. breviflorus) from Jebel Hafeet (<a href=""http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00516385"">RBGE Herbarium, 1983</a>). Plants of the World online (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019) gives the native range as the eastern Mediterranean (Syria to Egypt (Sinai)), omitting the Arabian Peninsula.

In the UAE, the species is known from a very small number of records from higher elevations (900-1,800 m elevation; M. Tsaliki pers. comm. 2019) in the Ru'us al-Jibal. Feulner (2011) reported a single locality in the southern Ru'us al-Jibal, but commented that it is probably overlooked elsewhere and later found a second record in the same area (G.R. Feulner, in litt, in MEW 2010). It has also been recorded from Jebel Jais at high elevation (M. Tsaliki pers. comm. 2019). The global range of this species is the eastern Himalaya and western Himalaya regions, according to Plants of the World Online (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019). Ohba and Rajbhandari (2012) give the range as Nepal, western Himalaya (India, Pakistan, Afghanistan) and southwest Asia. Iran and China are cited by Flora Iranica (Rechinger 1963-2010). The species has recently been reported for Oman (Patzelt 2015).

This species is widespread in the lower mountains and adjacent alluvial plains of the UAE (Jongbloed et al. 2003). It is also known to occasionally occur in the Ru'us al-Jibal, at elevations up to at least 1,200 m (Feulner 2011). It occurs in the Wadi Wurayah National Park in the UAE (Judas 2016). <a href=""https://data.rbge.org.uk/search/herbarium/?family=&genus=Heliotropium&species=&coll_name=&coll_num=&barcode=&country_name=United+Arab+Emirates&region=&major_taxon=&cfg=vherb.cfg&keywords="">RBGE Herbarium</a> holds ten specimens of Heilotropium calcareum that have since been re-determined (H. Akhani) as H. brevilimbe. Globally, the native range of this species encompasses Pakistan, India, Oman and the Gulf States.

Within the UAE, this species is known from one hillside on the northern slopes of Jebel Naqab within the Ru'us al-Jibal (Feulner 2011). It has been recorded from a single locality within this area (MEW 2010). All known individuals have been found in localities inaccessible to livestock. Globally, this species is native to dry and tropical Africa, in addition to the Arabian Peninsula, India and Sri Lanka (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

This species was cited for the UAE by Jongbloed et al. (2000), and Jongbloed et al. (2003) mention records from Ajman and Dubai by A.R.Western and U. Deil. Globally, the species is restricted to the Gulf States and Iran (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

MEW (2010) state that the species treated by Jongbloed et al. (2003) as Senna alexandrina (from Ras al Khaimah and Rams) in fact refers to S. holoserica, however, this requires confirmation (G.R. Feulner pers. comm. 2019) and the distribution of S. holosericea in the UAE is uncertain. Globally, the native range of this species extends from Somalia and Egypt to the Arabian Peninsula and on to India (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).