The species is found throughout the northern Emirates (MEW 2010), including Jebel Hafeet (Fawzi and Ksiksi 2007, Sakkir and Brown 2014) and Al Ain (Jongbloed et al. 2003), from at least the Taweela sands (Abu Dhabi Emirate; Brown et al. 2007) eastwards. The native range of this species is Iraq and southern Iran to the Arabian Peninsula (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

This species is widespread throughout Abu Dhabi Emirate in the UAE (Jongbloed et al. 2003). Globally, the native range of this species spans from Niger to Pakistan (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

The species has been recorded from scattered localities close to the Arabian Gulf coast, in addition to some further inland such as Al Ain (Jongbloed et al. 2003). Western (1983, 1994) recorded the species from Dubai - Abu Dhabi. Western (1983) classified the species as a weed that has colonised large areas. The origin of the species in the UAE perhaps requires confirmation. ILDIS (2019) excludes the Arabian Peninsula from the native range of the species Globally, this species is known from Greece to India, the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia and Russia, and through northern Africa (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019). It has been widely introduced.

In the UAE, this species is known from the northern Marmoum (G.M. Brown pers. obs., G.R. Feulner pers. comm. 2018). Globally, the native range of this species spans across dry areas of Africa to Pakistan (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

In the UAE, the species is found in coastal areas close to the western border, from Sila to Jebel Dhanna, to at least between Abu Dhabi and Dubai (Western 1983). Karim and Dakheel (2006) considered it common ""...all over the UAE: abundant along the Arabian Gulf coast, throughout western dunes and saline plains, and across the central desert"". However, according to participants of the National UAE Red List Workshop 15^th-19^th September 2019, Dubai), this plant may not be a coastal species after all. This highlights further confusion over the correct distribution of Tetraena hamiensis within the UAE. <u></u>In accordance with the outcomes of the UAE National Red List Workshop (15^th-19^th September 2019, Dubai), here, we consider Tetraena mandavillei to be a synonym of Tetraena hamiensis, and it is therefore included under this species assessment. The global range of this species spans from the north-east of Africa, through the Arabian Peninsula and on to Iran (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

This species is widespread in the Hajar Mountains and their foothills (MEW 2010). Feulner (2014) found the species along the ridges and subsidiary ridges and the upper ravines and summit cliffs in the 'Olive Highlands' of the southern Hajar Mountain in the UAE. In the Ru'us al-Jibal, Feulner (2011) found the species at lower altitudes, although distribution in the UAE parts of the Ru'us al-Jibal, uncertain. The species has been reported from Wadi Wurayah National Park (Feulner 2014). R.A Western collected the species (as S. flavus subsp. breviflorus) from Jebel Hafeet (<a href=""http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00516385"">RBGE Herbarium, 1983</a>). Plants of the World online (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019) gives the native range as the eastern Mediterranean (Syria to Egypt (Sinai)), omitting the Arabian Peninsula.

This species is widespread in the lower mountains and adjacent alluvial plains of the UAE (Jongbloed et al. 2003). It is also known to occasionally occur in the Ru'us al-Jibal, at elevations up to at least 1,200 m (Feulner 2011). It occurs in the Wadi Wurayah National Park in the UAE (Judas 2016). <a href=""https://data.rbge.org.uk/search/herbarium/?family=&genus=Heliotropium&species=&coll_name=&coll_num=&barcode=&country_name=United+Arab+Emirates&region=&major_taxon=&cfg=vherb.cfg&keywords="">RBGE Herbarium</a> holds ten specimens of Heilotropium calcareum that have since been re-determined (H. Akhani) as H. brevilimbe. Globally, the native range of this species encompasses Pakistan, India, Oman and the Gulf States.

In the UAE, this species occurs along the Arabian Gulf coast. Its range along the coast is considered to be fragmented. Globally, this species occurs from the Canary Islands, through Europe and northern Africa to the Arabian Peninsula and India (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

Within the UAE, this species occurs in the Liwa area to the south of the country. It is also found in inland plantation sites. The distribution is uncertain due to confusion with Cistanche tubulosa. Globally, the native range of this species spans across the Mediterranean, Macaronesia and northern Africa to the Arabian Peninsula (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).

This species is widespread in the Hajar Mountains and the Ru'us al-Jibal (Jongbloed et al. 2003). In the southern Hajar Mountains in the UAE, the species is found along ridges in the 'Olive Highlands' (Feulner 2014), in Wadi Wurayah National Park at all elevations (Feulner 2016), and at all elevations in wadis and on plateaus in the Ru'us al-Jibal (Feulner 2011). The global range of this species is through the Arabian Peninsula to Pakistan (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2019).