This reef-associated species most commonly occurs over slightly deeper, offshore reefs (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Pereira 2000). Adults are generally solitary, while juveniles form small schools (Randall 1995). Its diet consists of small invertebrates and fishes (Carpenter et al. 1997b) and the maximum total length is 90 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984).

This speciesoccurs in coastal waters near rocky and coral reefs as well as seagrass beds, and is occasionally found over offshore banks (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Gell and Whittington 2002). Itis often seen in small to large schools, but has also been observed singly. The maximum fork length is 120 cm (Torres 1991).

This benthopelagic species occurs on the continental shelf and slope and is known to frequent deep reefs (Sommer et al. 1996, Mundy 2005, Randall and Cea 2011). The maximum fork length is 50 cm.

This speciesis commonly found over deeper coastal reefs, seagrass beds and coral reefs (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Letourneur et al. 2004, Satapoomin 2011). Due to its rather sluggish nature, this species is rarely found close to the shore (Smith-Vaniz 1984). Itis generally solitary (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). The maximum total lengthis 41 cm (Allen and Erdmann 2012).

This speciesforms schools in coastal waters, including bays, mangroves, estuaries and mud flats (Paxton et al. 1989). It is occasionally observed near reefs and can form very large seasonal aggregations (Carpenter et al. 1997a). The maximum total length is 30 cm (Smith-Vaniz 1984) and the size at first maturity is about 17 cm (Kasim 2003).

This speciesinhabits soft bottoms in coastal waters (Carpenter et al. 1997b), including estuaries (Kamrani et al. 2016). Its maximum total length is 21 cm (Safi et al. 2014). In Iran, the mean total length at first sexual maturity is 19.84 cm (Vahabnezhad et al. 2018).

This speciesinhabits sandy areas near coral reefs as well as on seagrass beds. It shoals in small schools and actively feeds during the day and night on fishes, crustaceans, cephalopods and polychaetes (Carpenter and Allen 1989, Dorenbosch et al. 2005). The maximum total length is 80 cm (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). This species is fast-growing and short-lived with a high natural mortality rate. In the southern Arabian Gulf, spawning occurs between June and November and the mean age and size at sexual maturity is 3 years and 27.4 cm for males and 4.8 years and 29.1 cm for females (Grandcourt et al. 2010). A study conducted in the Red Sea off Egypt reported longevity of this species as 7 years (Mehanna et al. 2017). When applying an age at first reproduction of 5 years and longevity of 7 years, its estimated generation length is 6 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This species inhabits coastal, sandy areas, coral reefs, and deep lagoons to depths of 50 m. It primarily consumescrustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms, polychaetes and fishes (Sato and Walker 1984, Carpenter and Allen 1989). This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite and exhibits a protracted spawning season (Currey et al. 2013). In some areas, particularly Thailand, this species has been observed forming spawning aggregations (Tamelander et al. 2008). This is a fast-growing, short-lived species with high natural mortality. A study conducted in the southern Arabian Gulf reported its maximum age as 11 years, spawning occurs from April to June, and mean age and size at sexual maturity was 1.8 years and 24.6 cm for males and 2.4 years and 27.7 cmfor females (Grandcourt et al. 2011). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2.5 years and longevity of 11 years, its estimated generation length is 6.75 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This marine species inhabits the sandy bottoms of seagrass beds and on or near coral reefs at depths of 1 to 40 m (Carpenter 1989, Khalaf et al. 2012). During the day, it is found to a depth of 40 m, occasionally occurring in small groups; however, at night, itis solitary and found over reef-flats and slopes as shallow as 1 m in depth. Itsdiet consists of echinoderms, mollusks and crustaceans. The maximum total length is 40 cm (Carpenter and Allen 1989). A study conducted in the southern Arabian Gulf, reported a maximum age of 9 years, spawning occurs from March to June, it is a short-lived, fast growing species with a high natural mortality rate, and the mean age and size at sexual maturity was 2 years and 22.1 cm for males and 1.3 years and 21.3 cmfor females (Grandcourt et al. 2010). When applying an age at first reproduction of 2 years and longevity of 9 years, its estimated generation length is 5.5 years based on the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: Age at first reproduction + (Age at last reproduction -“ age at first reproduction)/2.

This epibenthic and pelagic species occurs over reefs or at deep offshore holes or drop-offs, usually in small or moderate-sized schools, but may be solitary (Smith-Vaniz 2002). It is also found over rocky outcrops and wrecks (Harris et al. 2007). Juveniles associate with Sargassum or flotsam in oceanic and offshore neritic waters (Bortone et al. 1977). Prey items include fish, invertebrates and sometimes live, dead, and artificial bait. Its maximum size is 188 cm total length, but common to about 70-110 cm fork length (Smith-Vaniz 2002). The fork length at 50% maturity is 64.6 cm for males and 73.3 cm for females. Several studies have estimated the maximum age using methods of varying accuracy, and in general, this fish is considered difficult to age (SEDAR9 2011). Estimates of maximum longevity range from 10-17 years, but an age of 15 years was used for this assessment as described in SEDAR33 (2014). This species is assumed to be fully mature by age two (SEDAR33 2014). The Hoenig maximum age natural mortality estimator recommended by the SEDAR33 (2014) is 0.28 year^-1; however, it is unlikely that this parameter remains constant across all sizes and ages.The generation length was estimated to be 6 years using the equation 1/natural mortality + age of first reproduction. Using the equation age of first reproduction + [z * (length of the reproductive period)] where z = 0.5, generation length was estimated at 7 years. Therefore, the median of 6.5 years is applied.